1. India’s first Covid-19 vaccine for animals
Tags: Science and Technology
The Agriculture Ministry recently unveiled India’s first Covid-19 vaccine for animals.
The name of the vaccine is 'Ancovax' and it can protect animals against the Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2.
How does it work?
Ancovax can be used in dogs, lions, leopards, rats and rabbits.
It has been developed by the Hisar-based National Research Centre on Equines.
It is an inactivated vaccine developed using an infectious part of the delta variant.
It uses Alhydrogel as an adjuvant to boost the immune response.
This is the first Covid-19 vaccine for animals developed in India.
Last year there were reports from Russia that it too had developed a vaccine against animals such as dogs, cats, minks and foxes.
2. Microplastics found in Antarctica for first time
Tags: Popular Science and Technology
Scientists have found microplastics in fresh ice in the Antarctic for the first time.
Scientists have warned that the microplastics in the fresh snow of Antarctica would accelerate the process of melting of ice.
The researchers found an average of 29 microplastic particles per litre of melted snow.
There were 13 different types of plastic found.
The findings, published in The Cryosphere Journal, point to a serious threat to the Antarctic region.
Impact of microplastic on environment
Studies have shown that microplastics negatively impact the health of the environment, as well as limit the growth, reproduction and normal biological functions of organisms.
Studies show that the global usage of plastic is set to increase by three fold by the year 2060.
Microplastics have been discovered inside fish and under Arctic ice in the deepest ocean depths.
Microplastics if found in humans have negative health effects.
In 2019, Alex Aves, a PhD student at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, collected ice samples from the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
The researchers found in the laboratory that every sample from even remote sites on the Ross Ice Shelf contained plastic particles.
Microplastics were found in ice samples from 19 sites in the Ross Island region of Antarctica.
What are Microplastics?
These are defined as plastics less than five millimetres in diameter.
They are small plastic particles that result from commercial product development and the breakdown of larger plastics.
Microplastics are non-degradable and insoluble in water.
As a pollutant, microplastics can be harmful to the health of the environment, humans and organisms.
3. ‘Abnormal’ dinosaur egg found in India
Tags: Science and Technology
Researchers from Delhi University have discovered a unique set of fossilized dinosaur eggs in Dinosaur Fossils National Park in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh, with one egg nesting inside another.
Eggs within eggs are a rare phenomenon, found only in birds and never in reptiles.
This discovery brings to the new links between reptiles and avian evolution.
The findings of discovery are published in the journal 'Scientific Reports'.
The Upper Cretaceous Lameta Formation of Central India is long known for its dinosaur fossils.
Scientists found evidence of 52 titanosaurid sauropod nests near Padalia village near Bagh town in Madhya Pradesh.
One of these nests contained 10 eggs, one of which was an "abnormal" egg.
About Dinosaur
Dinosaurs of the Sauropod family were among the largest animals ever found on land and were found in India millions of years ago.
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles.
Fossils of these animals have also been found in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Meghalaya.
Most Dinosaurs died out by the end of the Cretaceous period.
Modern birds are a type of dinosaur because they share a common ancestor with non-avian dinosaurs.
Dinosaur fossils have been discovered on all seven continents.
All non-avian dinosaurs became extinct about 66 million years ago.
The earliest known dinosaurs look during the Triassic period (about 250 to 200 million years ago).
One of the biggest dinosaurs was the Argentinosaurus.
Lizards, turtles, snakes and crocodiles are all descendants of dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs could not survive and became extinct due to climate change.
4. America's Frontier supercomputer has become the world's fastest supercomputer
Tags: Science and Technology
America's Frontier supercomputer has become the world's fastest supercomputer, surpassing Japan's Fugaku, according to the Top 500 list of the world's most powerful supercomputers.
The Frontier supercomputer, built for the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), has a speed of 1.1 exaflops, making it the world's first supercomputer operating at exascale speeds.
This supercomputer is built using Hewlett Packard Enterprise Architecture, coupled with Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) processors.
Its speed exceeds that of Japan's Fugaku supercomputer (442 petaflops), which was by far the fastest supercomputer in the world.
Frontier is also ranked first in the Green 500 list as the world's most energy efficient supercomputer. It measures supercomputing energy use and efficiency with 52.23 gigaflops of performance per watt, making it 32% more energy efficient than the Fugaku supercomputer.
In the latest edition of the Top 500 list, LUMI is followed by Frontier and Fugaku. The third place is given to the supercomputer, which is installed in Kajani, Finland.
Super computer of india
NAME | MOTION | PLACE |
Param Anant | 838 Teraflops | IIT, Gandhinagar (Gujarat) |
Param Pravega | 3.3 Petaflops | IISc Bangalore |
Param Ganga | 1.67 Petaflops | I.I.T. Roorkee |
Param shakti | 1.66 petaflops | I.I.T. Kharagpur |
5. Russia supplies new fuel for Kudankulam reactors
Tags: Science and Technology National News
Russia's Rosatom State Corporation has supplied the first batch of TVS-2M nuclear fuel, which is a more reliable and cost-effective nuclear fuel, to India for Units 1 and 2 of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KNPP).
Once the new TVS-2M fuel is in use, the reactor will start operating with a fuel cycle of 18 months.
This means that the reactor, which has to be shut down every 12 months to remove spent fuel and insert new fuel bundles and associated maintenance, will now have to shut down every 18 months.
Benefits of TVS-2M fuel
TVS-2M fuel assemblies have several advantages that make them more reliable and cost-effective.
The fuel combinations in the reactor core maintain their geometry.
one TVS-2 M assembly contains 7.6% more fuel material than that of UTVS.
Its main feature is the new generation anti-debris filter ADF-2, which protects the bundles from damage caused by debris (small objects in the reactor core).
Operating in a longer fuel cycle also increases the economic efficiency of a plant.
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KNPP)
located - coastal Tamil Nadu
built by - India in joint-collaboration with Russia.
Construction on the plant began on 31 March 2002
it is India’s Critical Information Infrastructure
It has an installed capacity of 6,000 MW of electricity
6. PM Modi launches projects worth ₹3,050 crore in Gujarat
Tags: Science and Technology National News
On June 10, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for several development projects worth Rs 3,050 crore in Navsari district, Gujarat. In Navsari, Prime Minister Modi took part in the 'Gujarat Gaurav Abhiyan.'
He inaugurated the AM Naik Healthcare Complex, Nirali Multi Speciality Hospital and Kharel education complex in Navsari.
He inaugurated the headquarters of the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) at Bopal, Ahmedabad.
It will play an anchoring role in transforming the space sector of India.
He performed the Bhumi Pujan for 13 water supply projects for residents of Tapi, Navsari and Surat districts, worth ₹961 crores.
He also inaugurated the Madhuban Dam based Astole Regional Water Supply Project constructed at a cost of about Rs 586 crore.
He also inaugurated ‘Nal Se Jal’ projects worth ₹163 crores.
These projects will provide safe and adequate drinking water to the residents of Surat, Navsari, Valsad and Tapi districts.
Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe)
The establishment of IN-SPACe was announced in June 2020 by the Government.
It will be the nodal agency, which will allow space activities and non-government private entities to use the facilities belonging to the Department of Space.
It aims to ensure maximum private participation for the space sector.
It will also allow setting up of facilities within the ISRO campus based on safety norms and feasibility assessment.
It will give an opportunity to the youth to showcase their talent.
7. NASA's DAVINCI Mission
Tags: Science and Technology
NASA is planning to launch a mission named "DAVINCI Mission". DAVINCI stands for "Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble Gases, Chemistry and Imaging Mission".
About DAVINCI Mission
This mission will fly near Venus in 2029 and explore its harsh atmosphere.
It will reach the surface of Venus by June 2031.
The mission will capture data about Venus, which scientists have been trying to measure since the early 1980s.
DAVINCI Spacecraft Chemistry Laboratory
The DAVINCI spacecraft will serve as a flight chemistry laboratory.
It can measure various aspects of Venus's atmosphere and climate.
The spacecraft's instruments will be able to map the surface of Venus as well as trace the composition of the mountain highlands of Venus.
About the planet Venus
It is the second planet in terms of distance from the Sun. Due to its structural resemblance to Earth, it is also called the twin planet of the Earth.
The atmosphere on Venus is quite dense and toxic, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide gas and sulfuric acid clouds.
Venus is one of only two planets that rotate from east to west. Only Venus and Uranus rotate like this.
On Venus, one day-night cycle is equal to 117 Earth days because Venus rotates around the Sun in the opposite direction of its orbital rotation.
Venus related missions
ISRO Shukrayan: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is also planning a mission related to the planet Venus, which is currently called 'Shukrayan Mission'.
Akatsuki (Year 2015- Japan)
Venus Express (2005 - European Space Agency)
NASA's Magellan (1989)
8. New Cancer-Killing Drug : Dosterlimab
Tags: Science and Technology
A trial of 18 colorectal cancer patients in the US found that the cancer is curable without chemotherapy or surgery. All the patients involved in the trial were given a drug called Dostarlimab. The drug was given to the patients every three weeks for six months.
Experts say this is perhaps the first time in the history of modern medical science that an experimental procedure has been successful against the most dreaded disease.
What is Dostarlimab?
It is an immunotherapy drug from GlaxoSmithKline.
It consists of molecules created by the laboratory.
It acts as a substitute antibody. It is sold under the brand name Gemperly.
It was approved for medical use in the United States and the European Union in 2021.
Its side effects include vomiting, joint pain, itching, rash, fever, etc.
Findings of the experiment
The trial showed that immunotherapy alone (without chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery) has been the basis of cancer treatment.
It can completely cure patients with a specific type of rectal cancer called 'mismatch repair deficit' cancer.
No cases of progression of disease or recurrence had been reported during the treatment.
Within nine weeks of starting treatment, 81% of patients had less symptoms and a faster physical response.
How does the drug work?
It is a type of monoclonal antibody that blocks proteins called checkpoints that are made by immune system cells, such as T cells and some cancer cells.
The test used checkpoints that allow T cells to kill cancer cells.
When these checkpoints are blocked, T cells are free to kill cancer cells more efficiently.
Examples of checkpoint proteins found on T cells or cancer cells include PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 and B7-1.
9. Botanical Survey of India (BSI) have discovered the Indian Lipstick plant
Tags: Science and Technology
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Researchers from the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) have discovered a rare plant after more than a century in Anjou district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is known as 'Indian lipstick plant'.
Scientists had collected some specimens of 'Eschinanthus' from Huiliang and Chipru in Anjou district in December 2021 during flower studies in Arunachal Pradesh.
After review of documents and study of fresh specimens it was confirmed that specimens belong to Aeschynanthus monetaria, which has not been found in India since the year 1912.
This plant was first discovered in Arunachal Pradesh in 1912 by the British botanist Stephen Troyt Dunn.
The discovery was based on plant samples collected from Arunachal Pradesh by another English botanist, Isaac Henry Burkill.
About 'Indian Lipstick Plant'
It is known in botany as 'aeschynanthus monetaria dun'.
The word aeschynanthus is derived from the Greek word aishine or aishine, which means feeling ashamed or embarrassed, while anthos means flower.
Some species under the genus Eschinanthus are called lipstick plants due to the presence of the tubular red corolla.
This plant grows in moist and evergreen forests at a height of 543 to 1134 metres.
The flowering and fruiting time of this plant is between October to January.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has placed the lipstick plant species in the 'endangered' category.
10. Strategic missile Agni-4 successfully test fired
Tags: Science and Technology
India on 6 June successfully test-fired nuclear-capable long-range ballistic missile Agni-IV from APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha.
The test was part of the routine user training launch conducted under the aegis of Strategic Forces Command.
The launch of the missile recognized all the operational parameters as well as the reliability of the system.
This successful test reaffirms India's policy of having 'reliable minimum deterrence'.
In May 2022, India successfully test-fired an extended range version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile from a Sukhoi fighter jet.
This was the first launch of the extended range version of the BrahMos missile from a Su-30MKI aircraft.
About Agni-IV Missile
It is an intermediate range ballistic missile with a range of about 4,000 km.
It is developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
It can carry a payload of 1,000 kg and can reach an altitude of 900 km.
The first flight test of Agni-4 took place on 10 December 2010.
The missile crashed into the sea soon after launch because of errors in its control system.
Features of Agni-IV Missile
It is a two-stage, solid-fueled missile weighing 17,000 kg.
It is about 20 metres long and 1.2 metres in diameter at its lower stage.
Agni class of missiles
Agni I - Range of 700-800 km.
Agni II - Range more than 2000 km.
Agni III - Range of more than 2,500 Km.
Agni IV - Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher
Agni V - The longest missile of the Agni series, with a range of over 5,000 km.
These missiles are built under Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).
